An appraisal of economic diplomacy and its influence on national competitiveness: A study of bilateral investment treaties in Kaduna State
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Background of the Study
Economic diplomacy is a key instrument for enhancing national competitiveness by attracting foreign direct investment and fostering international trade. Bilateral investment treaties (BITs) are central to this approach, as they provide legal frameworks that protect investors and promote market confidence. In Kaduna State, BITs negotiated with various countries have been instrumental in driving economic growth, enhancing technological transfer, and increasing industrial competitiveness (Xavier, 2023). This study appraises the role of economic diplomacy in shaping national competitiveness through the lens of BITs. It investigates how these treaties impact investor confidence, streamline regulatory practices, and contribute to the development of a favorable business environment. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, analyzing trade and investment data, reviewing policy documents, and conducting interviews with economic experts to assess the effectiveness of BITs in boosting competitiveness in Kaduna State (Young, 2024). Furthermore, the study considers challenges such as regulatory discrepancies, political instability, and external economic pressures, offering policy recommendations to optimize the benefits of economic diplomacy in the region (Zhang, 2025).
Statement of the problem
Despite the theoretical benefits of BITs in promoting national competitiveness, Kaduna State faces challenges in translating these treaties into tangible economic gains. Issues such as inconsistent policy implementation, bureaucratic obstacles, and market uncertainties often dilute the effectiveness of BITs, limiting their impact on attracting sustainable investment (Xavier, 2023). Critics argue that while BITs can enhance investor confidence, the lack of complementary domestic reforms may undermine their potential benefits (Young, 2024). This study investigates whether current bilateral investment treaties sufficiently contribute to national competitiveness in Kaduna State or if additional reforms are required to fully leverage economic diplomacy (Zhang, 2025).
Objectives of the Study:
To analyze the impact of BITs on investor confidence and competitiveness in Kaduna State.
To evaluate the effectiveness of economic diplomacy in driving economic reforms.
To propose policy recommendations for enhancing the benefits of BITs.
Research questions
How do BITs influence national competitiveness in Kaduna State?
What challenges affect the effective implementation of BITs?
What reforms can optimize the impact of economic diplomacy on competitiveness?
Significance of the Study
This study is significant as it examines the influence of economic diplomacy—through bilateral investment treaties—on national competitiveness. The findings will provide critical insights for policymakers aiming to enhance the investment climate and drive sustainable economic growth in Kaduna State (Xavier, 2023).
Scope and Limitations of the Study:
Limited to evaluating BITs and their impact on economic competitiveness in Kaduna State; does not extend to other regions or forms of economic diplomacy.
Definitions of terms
Economic diplomacy: The use of diplomatic channels to promote economic interests (Xavier, 2023).
Bilateral investment treaties (BITs): Agreements between two countries to promote and protect investments.
National competitiveness: The ability of a nation to attract and sustain economic investment and growth (Young, 2024).
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